Regulation of pore cell structures of coal-based carbon foams based on the nucleation mechanism of microcellular polymer

It is widely accepted that the performance of carbon foams can be regulated by the tailoring of pore cell structures to meet the requirements of various applications. However, no theory has been used to date for guiding such regulation. In this work, carbon foams were prepared by saturating vitrinite concentrate with nitrogen gas under high pressure. The influence of key factors on the pore cell structure of carbon foams was investigated systematically. The results showed that the mean cell diameter and the bulk density of carbon foams can be regulated, respectively, in the ranges 140–440?µm and 0.29–0.75?g/cm³, which indicates that vitrinite concentrate separated from fat coal is highly suitable for the preparation of carbon foams. The variation trends of the pore cell structures were well explained by combining the homogeneous nucleation mechanism of microcellular polymer with the viscosity of the fusant formed from vitrinite concentrate. The inherent reason for all the variation trends is related to the gas nuclei density and viscosity of the fusant. More importantly, a strategy is suggested to successfully accomplish the design and regulation of the pore structure of carbon foams by taking into account the homogeneous nucleation mechanism and viscosity of the fusant.     

Large increase of Curie temperature in (110)-oriented La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films

From the perspectives of scientific researches and practical applications, it is desirable to explore high operating temperature ferromagnetic films. The effect of biaxial strain on magnetic properties of (110)-oriented La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ films was studied. High quality La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ films were grown on (110)-oriented perovskite single crystal substrates using pulsed laser deposition, varying substrate-induced misfit strains from ??2.27–0.75%. A remarkable enhancement of Curie temperature has been achieved for (110)-oriented La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ films clamped with small misfit strains (i.e., grown on LAST (110)). The enhanced Curie temperature of (110)-oriented La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ films could be attributed to the misfit strain between the films and the underlying substrates and may have technological implication for applications at high temperature environments.     

Novel barium titanate based ferroelectric relaxor ceramics with superior charge-discharge performance

Lead-free 0.9BaTiO₃-0.1(Bi_0.9Na_0.1)(In_0.8Zr_0.2)O₃ (0.9BT-0.1BNIZ) ferroelectric relaxor ceramic was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. A dense microstructure and fine grain size was obtained with addition of BNIZ content. The dielectric behaviors indicated the dominance of ergodic relaxor phase. The 0.9BT-0.1BNIZ ceramic was found to possess an enhanced recoverable energy density (W_R～1.33?J/cm³) and efficiency (η～88%) under 18?kV/mm at room temperature. What’s more, W_R is maintained ≥0.53?J/cm³ with η?≥?94% under 10?kV/mm and the variation of W_R is less than 15% over 25～140?°C. The high stability of energy storage properties is mainly ascribed to the characteristics of ergodic relaxor phase. The stored energy was released in sub-microseconds (～0.19?μs). The superior current density (C_D～796?A/cm²) and the power density (P_D～39.8?MW/cm³) were obtained simultaneously. The enhanced W_R and the superior charge-discharge performances strongly demonstrate that the BT-based ceramics are promising candidates of high-power pulse capacitor applications.     

Ferroelastic domain structure and phase transition in single-crystalline [PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3]1-x[PbTiO3]x observed via in situ x-ray microbeam

(1-x)Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-xPbTiO₃ ((1-x)PZN-xPT in short) is one of the most important piezoelectric materials. In this work, we extensively investigated (1-x)PZN-xPT (x = 0.07–0.11) ferroelectric single crystals using in-situ synchrotron μXRD, complemented by TEM and PFM, to correlate microstructures with phase transitions. The results reveal that (i) at 25 °C, the equilibrium state of (1-x)PZN-xPT is a metastable orthorhombic phase for x = 0.07 and 0.08, while it shows coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases for x = 0.09 and x = 0.11, with all ferroelectric phases accompanied by ferroelastic domains; (ii) upon heating, the phase transformation in x = 0.07 is Orthorhombic → Monoclinic → Tetragonal → Cubic. The coexistence of ferroelectric tetragonal and paraelectric cubic phases was in-situ observed in x = 0.08 above Curie temperature (T_C), and (iii) phase transition can be explained by the evolution of the ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains. These results disclose that (1-x)PZN-xPT are in an unstable regime, which is possible factor for its anomalous dielectric response and high piezoelectric coefficient.     

Isothermal crystallization kinetics and subsequent melting behavior of β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene/graphene oxide composites with different ordered structure

The effects of ordered structure on isothermal crystallization kinetics and subsequent melting behavior of β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene/graphene oxide (iPP/GO) composites were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The ordered structure status was controlled by tuning the fusion temperature (T_f). The results showed that depending on the variation of crystallization rate, the whole T_f range could be divided into three regions: Region I (T_f > 179 °C), Region II (170 °C ≤ T_f ≤ 179 °C) and Region III (T_f < 170 °C). As T_f decreased from Region I to Region III, the crystallization rate would increase substantially at two transition points, due to the variation of the ordered structure status. Calculation of Avrami exponent n indicated that the ordered structure induced the formation of two‐dimensional growing crystallites rather than three‐dimensional growing crystallites. Moreover, in the case of isothermal crystallization, the ordered structure effect (OSE) can also greatly increase the relative content of β‐phase (β_c). In Region II, OSE took place, resulting in evident increase of β_c, achieving 92.4% at maximum. The variation of the isothermal crystallization temperature (T_iso) had little influence on the T_f range (Region II) of the OSE. The higher T_f in Region II was more favorable for the formation of higher β_c. The ordered structure was favorable for the improvement of the nucleating efficiency of β‐nucleating agent (β‐NE), and was more effective for the improvement of lower β‐NE. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Revealing the Subsurface Basal 〈a〉 Dislocation Activity in Magnesium Through Lattice Rotation Analysis

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - A method was proposed in this study to reveal the subsurface basal dislocation activity in Mg-Y alloy and determine the corresponding Burgers vector....     

铜山口铜矿水力旋流器数值优化试验研究

为提高大冶有色铜山口铜矿选矿厂FX500水力旋流器的分级精度、降低底流夹细量，通过数值模拟方法系统考察了旋流器结构参数和操作参数对旋流器分离性能的影响，结果表明：①适当增加入口流速、降低给矿浓度，可从整体上降低底流夹细量和溢流跑粗量；②适当增大柱段高度和小锥锥角，可进一步降低底流夹细量；③适当增大沉砂口上锥角角度，对底流中的微细粒级有洗涤作用，能进一步降低底流夹细量；④现场对比试验证实，旋流器结构优化后底流-75 μm粒级夹细率下降了1.78个百分点。研究结果为铜山口铜矿水力旋流器的优化与改造提供了技术支撑。     

Modified Two-Phase Titration Methods to Quantify Surfactant Concentrations in Chemical-Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications

In enhanced oil recovery applications, surfactants are injected into reservoirs along with polymers and salts. The effluents eluted from lab experiments and field tests are analyzed by HPLC methods using an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) detector. When the surfactant concentrations are less than 100 ppm, HPLC methods are inaccurate. A novel two-phase titration method is developed where surfactant concentrations can be quantified using a calibration curve constructed with UV/vis absorption. This method can analyze surfactant concentrations 5–80 ppm where dilution eliminates any high-salinity interferences with the absorption measurements. The method is based on formation of a dye-surfactant complex and the light absorption of the complex has a linear correlation with the surfactant concentration. Anionic surfactant concentrations lower than 100 ppm can be accurately quantified using this method with methylene blue. The method was also developed for low concentrations (<50 ppm) of cationic surfactants using methyl orange and indigo carmine. The indigo carmine method can be used without the use of an organic phase. All methods are applicable at salinities up to 3 wt%. Both the methylene blue method and the methyl orange method can be used to detect zwitterionic surfactants. These methods can be used in the presence of polymers without any prior treatments.     

斜轧穿孔法制备Ti80合金无缝管工艺分析

运用有限元技术模拟了两辊斜轧穿孔法制备Ti80合金无缝管坯的三维热力耦合过程。仿真结果能动态显示坯料从咬入到稳定穿孔再到穿出3个阶段复杂的塑性成形过程,并能辅助分析中心孔腔的形成机理以及坯料在穿孔阶段各物理场量的分布。结果表明:坯料刚接触顶头时,中心金属存在明显塑性变形,结合轧制中心线上不同方向的正应力状态为(+,-,+),判断中心孔腔的形成为拉应力作用下的塑性开裂。在穿孔过程中,坯料的应变分布沿轴向呈U1+W+2U2形态,沿径向为片层状,最终穿制毛管等效应变可达5～11;坯料的外表面与导盘接触区应变速率为0.71～3.6s~(-1),而与轧辊接触区高达4.6～26s~(-1),大的应变速率有助于毛管的塑性成形过程;顶头前坯料的温度最高,与穿孔工具接触的区域温度略有降低,但绝大部分变形区温度都处于单相区。模拟所得全流程顶头轴向力与轧制力的变化呈现典型的3阶段分布,其中稳定穿孔阶段力能参数的均值接近试验所得,从而验证了模型的准确性。基于有限元模拟的工艺条件,在实验轧机上一火次顺利穿制出Ti80合金无缝管坯,其显微组织展现为单一的魏氏组织形态,且由于变形剧烈,从外表面到中间层再到内表面均为等轴细小的β动态再结晶晶粒;力学性能测试表明该组织状态下的毛管的强度和塑性均满足指标要求。     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed 1,2-Carboboration of Alkenes: Strategies,Mechanisms, and Stereocontrol

During the past decade, many research groups have described catalytic methods for 1,2-carboboration, allowing access to structurally complex organoboronates from alkenes. Various transition metals, especially copper, palladium, and nickel, have been widely used in these reactions. This review summarizes advances in this field, with a special focus on the catalytic cycles involved in different metal-catalyzed carboboration reactions, as well as the regio- and stereochemical consequences of the underlying mechanisms. 1,2-Carboboration of other unsaturated systems, such as alkynes and allenes, is outside of the scope of this review.